I want to know

What is “Value Chain”?
A Value chain is a full range of activities that an organization carries out to bring products and service to its customers.

II. Value Chain-Parts of Value Chain

The concept of value chain was introduced by Michael Porter in 1985.

There are two categories:

1. Primary activities

2. Support activities

Primary activities are directly involved in transforming inputs into outputs and in delivery and after-sales support. It include:

- Inbound logistics: material handling and warehouse

- Operations: transforming inputs into the final product

- Outbound logistics: order processing and distribution

- Marketing and sales: communication, pricing and channel management

- Service: relates to support provided to customers after the sale.

Support activities:

- Procurement: purchasing of raw materials, supplies and other equipment.

- Technology development: know-how, procedures and technological to increase the effectiveness of primary activities.

- Human resource management: involve a wide range of activities related to employee recruitment and selection, training and development, motivation and compensation.

- Firm infrastructure: The activities such as organization structure, control system, company culture are categorized under firm infrastructure.

III. Women in the Value Chain

In many parts of the world, women’s work is still taking place in the least valued part of the value chain.

Example: Home-based workers, Informal workers

These works are where women tend to be underpaid and their jobs are less secure.

Women tend to be less integrated in value than men. Their lack of mobility and thus lack of access to markets, as well as social norms, impede their interaction with value chain actors.

Women, especially in rural areas, do most of the work in caring for their children and families. In order to lower the stress and burden of women, all dimensions of women’s work load, both productive and reproductive, must be addressed.

There are two type of women work’s work in the value chain

Women home-based workers

Home-based work represents a significant share of

total employment in some countries.

There are two basic categories of home-based

workers.

1. Self-employed home-based worker: assume all the risks of being independent operators. They buy their own raw materials, supplies, equipment, pay utility and transport costs.

2. Sub-contracted home-based workers (called homeworker): are contracted by an intermediary. They are usually given the raw materials and paid per price.

Women informal workers

According to a survey by the National Statistical Office,

in 2005, all the informal workers;

- 92.9 percent women work in private households

- 68.47 percent worked as service worker, in shops or

markets

- 57.7 percent work in the manufacturing sector

- and 45.3 percent in the agricultural sector.

Most of these informal workers were women do not have social security and livelihood.

IV. Women in the Agricultural Sector

Research by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) discovered that:

female agricultural workers are 20% to 30% less productive than their male counterpart.

But it is not because they manage their farms less well or work less hard.

That is because men have more access to resources that are seldom available to women agricultural

Family farm remains a core agricultural production in Cambodia. 82 percent of its population living in rural areas.

- Closed to 71 percent of those engaging in agriculture for livelihood.

- According to the report by the National Institute of Statistic that bases it analysis on the latest General Population Census, men lead 80 percent of agriculture households.

- This official nomination and the use of concept of “households head” can be problematic.

- First, it gives legitimacy of power and control to the head who happens to be men in most cases.

- Second, it can potentially disadvantage women from farming families in a way that it leaves them at the background, renders their work less important and limit them from accessing farming resources and services.

For example:
- Land ownership: women are more likely than men to be landlessness or have significantly smaller plot of land
- Financing: Legal institutional and sociocultural barriers often, however, limit women’s access to these services.
- Technology: The way they drop out from education is the way they take away from technology.
- Training: technical and vocational education and training program are a vital means of giving women access to work and being employed in Agriculture sector.

If women had access to the same resources that men do, then women will produce 20% to 30% more food, and health.

Economic benefits of their rise and productivity would be profound principally because women are more likely to spend their increased income on food and children’s needs.
It is resulting in families and societies as a whole enjoying improved nutrition health and education.

FAO research has shown that a child survival chances increased by 20% when the mother controls over the household budgets.

FAO estimates that around one billion people are undernourished, and that each year more than three million children die from under-nutrition before their fifth birthday.
In developing countries, rural women and men play different roles in guaranteeing food security for their households and communities.
But gender inequalities in control of livelihood assets limit women's food production.
Women, therefore, play a decisive role in food security, dietary diversity and children's health.

V. CEDAW in Women’s Accessibility

(The Convention of the Elimination Discrimination Against Women)

is an International Treaty adopted in 1979 by United Nation as an International Bill of Rights for women.

It is determined to make change happen by ensuring both state and non-state actors such as agricultural corporation and development agencies are responsible for guaranteeing women enjoyed the same access to resources as men do.

This includes women’s access management and ownership of land as well as participating and benefiting from the subsequence stages of food processing, marketing and sales which combine with protection in the workplace and decent living wage effective incorporating seed.

Especially Article 14 of CEDAW into value chain analysis and development will ensure that the rights in all women are respected, protected, fulfilled and promoted in all spheres from producer of agricultural products to the end-user as consumers.

VI. Conclusion

- Women’s Participation in the Value Chain

- Women in the Agricultural Sector

- Women accessibility to the properties

- How women’s income affect the family and society

- CEDAW in Women Accessibilities

References

- Gender Influences on Child Survival, Health and Nutrition: A Narrative Review, UNICEF, December 2011, Julia Kim (Health Section, New York)

- The Role of Women in Agriculture, by The SOFA Team and Cheryl Doss, March 2011, Agricultural Development Economics Division, The Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

- General Recommendation on Article 14 of CEDAW, Rural Women, by Ms. Naela Gabr. (Egypt)

- Gender Issues in Agricultural Labour, World Bank 2007

- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW/C/TUN/3-4, 2 August 2000, ENGLISH, ORIGINAL: FRENCH, COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN

- Reddy Amarender A. (2013) Training Manual on Value Chain Analysis of Dryland Agricultural Commodities, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), p.4. (Accessed 19/01/15)

- GENDER EMPOWEREMENT AND ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, EASTERN KENYA, Simiyu Wandibba1, Stevie M. Nangendo2 and Benson A. Mulemi3

- Women and Natural Resources: Unlocking the Peacebuilding Potential, First published in November 2013 by the United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office and United Nations Development Programme © 2013, UNEP, UN Women, PBSO and UNDP

- 2009 World Survey on the: Role of Women in Development, Department of Economic and Social Aﬀairs Division for the Advancement of Women, United Nations publication Sales No. E.09.IV.7 Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved, Sha Zukang Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Aﬀairs October 2009

Gender: Women's Studies

By Nam Leng Wednesday, September 6, 2017

Introduction to computer

Chapter 8: mobile devices

Date: Friday, 11 august 2017

Contents

1. Mobile device history- Namleng
2. Mobile device hardware- Chanthla
3. Mobile operating system- Muyly
4. Methods for securing mobile devices- Kanha
5. Rooting and Jail breaking - Namleng
6. Basic troubleshooting process for mobile devices- Chanthla

Non-Upgradeable Hardware

Mobile device hardware is typically not upgradeable

Many of the component in a mobile device are connected directly to circuit board

Batteries and memory can often be replace with items that have larger capacities

Sensor: a device which detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.

iOS: Developed by Apple and released in 2007 on the first iPhone

iOS is a Close Source: it means that the source code is not release to the public.

iOS is only use with Apple products such as iPod and iWatch.

Basic troubleshooting process for mobile devices

1. Check to make sure the device is under warranty.

2. If yes, it can often be returned to the place of purchase for an exchange.

3. If no, compare the cost of the repair with the replacement cost of the mobile device.

4. Mobile devices change rapidly in design and functionality, so they are often more expensive to repair than to replace.

Troubleshooting Process for Mobile Device

1. Identify the Problem

2. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause

3. Test the Theory Probable Cause

4. Establish a Plan of Action to Revolve the Problem and Implement the solution

5. Verity Full System Functionality and implement Preventive Measure

6. Document Finding, Actions, and Outcome.

Technology: Mobile Device

MOBILE DEVICES

By Nam Leng Friday, September 1, 2017

Environmental Science
Chapter 8. Human Population Issues

Outline
World Population Characteristics
Factors Influence Population Growth
Standard of Living
Population and Poverty
Environmental Degradation
Conclusion
References

1. World Population Characteristics

The world can be divided into two based on economic development of the countries.

The developed countries have a per capita income that exceeds $US 10,000; the population 1.2 billion people.

The less developed countries have a per capita income of less than $US5000; the population 5.2 billion people, nearly 3 billion of whom live on less than $US2 per day.

More developed countries have stable populations and are expected to grow by about 4 percent by 2050. However, the less developed regions have high population growth rates and are expected to grow by about 55 percent by 2050.

Current population growth has led to:

Famine in areas where food production cannot keep pace with increasing numbers of people;

Political unrest in areas with great disparities in availability of resources;

Environmental degradation by poor agriculture practices;

Water pollution by human and industrial waste.

2. Factors Influence Population Growth

Humans influence by biological, social, and political factors.

Biological Factors: Demographers can predict future growth of a population by looking at several biological indicators. Currently, in almost all countries of the world, the birthrate exceeds the death rate. Therefore, the size of the population must increase.

Social Factors: It is clear that populations in economically developed countries of the world have low fertility rates and low rates of population growth.

Several factors influence the number of children a couple would like have (religious, traditional, social, and economic).

Political Factors:

Two other factors that influence the population growth rate of a country are government policies on population growth and immigration.

Many countries in Europe have official policies to encourage people to have children. In contrast, most countries in the developing world their population growth rates are too high.

China has family-planning policy began in 1971 with:

later marriages and

few children.

These policies resulted in reduction of birthrate by nearly 50 percent between 1970 and 1979.

In addition, one child campaign was begun in 1978-79. The program offered:

free medical care,

cash bonuses for their work,

special housing treatment and

extra old age benefits.

The immigration policies of a country also have a significant impact on the rate at which the population grows. The developed countries are under tremendous pressure to accept immigrant.

In the United States, approximately one-third of the population increase experienced each year is the result of immigration.

3. Standard of living

The standard of living is an abstract concept that attempts to quantify the quality of life of people. Several factors can be included in an analysis of standard of living:

Economic well-being;

Health conditions; and

The ability to changes one’s status in the society.

4. Population and Poverty

The human population is growing most rapidly are those that have the lowest standard of living.

Poverty,

High birthrate,

Poor health, and

Lack of education.

Poor people cannot afford birth control and they are often poorly educated. Therefore, they have more children than they may wish to have.

Poor people need to obtain income in many ways. This includes taking children out of school, so they are able to work on other jobs, but they are less paid.

Poor people have little access to health care.

Women in poor countries are usually poorly educated and not have disposable income. So, they are dependent on their husbands or family unit for their livelihood.

High infant mortality rates result from poor health, but children are desired by parents, because the sons will provide for parents when the parents are old.

At the United Nations International Conference on population and Development held in Cairo, Egypt, in 1994. Several important conclusions raised that:

There was recognition that economic well-being is tied to solving the population problem.

Improving the educational status of women was promoted.

Access to birth control and health care would reduce infant and maternal deaths.

5. Environmental Degradation

At the human population increases, the demand for food rises. People must either grow food themselves or purchase it.

Most people in the developed world purchase what they need and have more than enough food to eat.

Most people in the less-developed world must grow their own food and have very little money to purchase additional food.

When human need food, they convert natural ecosystems to artificially maintained agricultural ecosystems. If these agriculture ecosystems are mismanaged, the region’s total productivity may fall below that of the original ecosystem.

The current situation with respect to world food production and hunger is very complicated, it involves:

land, labor and machines;

appropriate crop selection; and

economic incentive,

political activities often determine food availability.

War, payment of foreign debt,

corruption, and

poor management often contribute to hunger and malnutrition.

Methods to increased food production:

Improved plant varieties,

Irrigation, and

Improve agriculture methods.

6. Conclusions

The world can be divided into two segments based on the state of economic development of the countries.

Humans influence by biological, social, and political factors.

Population growth cause environmental degradation.

7. References

Enger, E. D, & Smith, B. F, (10th Edition): Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationship. Published by McGraw Hill Higher education (2006).

Botkin, D. B, & Keller, E. A : Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. Published by Higher, W. (2004).

QUESTIONS (A)

What is demography?

What is demographic transition? What is it based on?

What is a baby boom?

What does the age distribution of population mean?

List 10 differences between your standard of living and that of someone in a less-developed country.

Why do people who live in overpopulated countries use plants as their main source of food?

Although predicting the future is difficult, describe what you think your life will be like in 10 years. Why?

List five changes you might anticipate if world population were to double in the next 50 years.

QUESTIONS (B)

Which three areas of the world have the highest population growth rate? Which three areas of the world have the lowest standard of living?

How many children per woman would lead to a stable U.S. population?

What role does the status of women play in determining population growth rates?

Describe three reasons why women in the less-developed world might desire more than two children.

Chapter 8. Human Population Issues

By Nam Leng Wednesday, July 5, 2017

Environmental Science
Chapter 7. Population Principles
Outline
Population Characteristics
A population Growth Curve
Human Population Growth
Conclusion
References

1. Population Characteristics

A population can be defined as a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting an area.

Natality refers to the number of individuals added to the population through reproduction over a particular time period. It is usually described in terms of the birthrate, the number of individuals born per 1000 individuals per year.

The growth of a population is not determined by the birthrate (natality) alone.

Mortality, the number of deaths in a population over a particular time period is also important.

The population growth rate is the birthrate minus the death rate.

The population growth rate is usually expressed as a percentage of the total population.

In human population studies, the population growth rate is usually expressed as a percentage of the total population.

The population growth rate is greatly influenced by sex ratio and age distribution of the population.

The sex ratio refers to the relative numbers of male and female. It is typical in most species that the sex ratio 1:1. However, there are populations in which this is not true. In many social insect population(bees, ants, and wasps), the number of females greatly exceed the number of male at all times.

In humans, about 106 males are born for every 100 females. However, in the United States, by the time people reach their mid-twenties, a higher death rate for males has equalized the sex ratio.

The higher male death rate continues into old age, when women out number men.

The Democratic Republic of Congo’s population has a large prereproductive and reproductive component. This means that it will continue to increase rapidly for some time.

The United States has a very large reproductive component with declining number of prereproductive individuals. Eventually, if there were no immigration, the U.S. population would begin to decline if current trends in birthrates and death rates continued.

Germany has an age distribution with high postreproductive and low prereproductive portions of the population. With low numbers of prereproductive individuals entering their reproductive years, the population of Germany has begun to decline.

Population density is the number of organisms per unit area.

Populations have an inherent tendency to increase in size. At the simplest level, the rate of increase is determined by subtracting the number of individuals leaving the population from the number entering.

2. A Population Growth Curve

Population growth often follows a particular pattern:

Lag phase,

An exponential growth phase, and

A stable equilibrium phase.

During the first portion of the curve, known as the lag phase.

Since more organisms are reproducing, the population begins to increase at an accelerating rate. This stage is known as the exponential growth phase.

The death rate and the birthrate will come to equal one another, the population will stop growing and reach a relatively stable population size. This stage is known as the stable equilibrium phase.

3. Human Population Growth

The human population is increasing at a rapid rate.

The Earth’s ultimate carrying capacity for humans is not known.

The causes for human population growth are biological, social, political, philosophical, and theological.

4. Conclusions

A population can be defined as a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting an area.

At the simplest level, the rate of increase is determined by subtracting the number of individuals leaving the population from the number entering.

5. References

Enger, E. D, & Smith, B. F, (10th Edition): Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationship. Published by McGraw Hill Higher education (2006).

Question

1. How is biotic potential related to the rate at which a population will grow?

2. List three characteristics populations might have.

3. Why do some populations grow? What factors help to determine the rate of this growth?

4. Under what conditions might a death phase occur?

5. List four factors that could determine the carrying capacity of an animal species.

6. How do the concepts of birthrate and population growth differ?

7. How does the population growth cure of humans compare with that of bacteria on a petri dish?

8. How do r-strategists and K-strategists differ?

9. As the human population continues to increase, what might happen to other species?

10. All successful organisms overproduce. What advantage does this provide for the species? What disadvantages may occur?

Environmental Science

Chapter 7. Population Principles

By Nam Leng Wednesday, July 5, 2017

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