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Environmental Science

Chapter 6: Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Questions
1. Describe the process of succession. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?
2. How does a climax community differ from a successional community?
3. List three characteristics typical of each of the following biomes: tropical rainforest, dessert, tundra, taiga, savanna, Mediterranean shrub lands, tropical dry forest, grassland, and temperate deciduous forest.
4. What two primary factors determine the kind of terrestrial biome that will develop in an area?
5. How does height above sea level affect the kind of biome present?
6. What areas of the ocean are the most productive?
7. How does the nature of the substrate affect the kind of the organisms found at the shore?
8. What is the role of each of the following organism in a marine ecosystem: phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, coral animals, and fish?
9. List three differences between freshwater and marine ecosystems.
10. What is an estuary? Why are estuaries important?
Answer
1. Describe the process of succession. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?
Ecosystems are dynamic, changing units. Decomposers recycle the chemical elements that make up the biotic portion of any ecosystem. Abiotic factors also have a major influence on the kind of community that will be established. Since all organisms are linked together in a community, any change in a community affects many organisms within it. Certain conditions within a community are keys to the kinds of organisms that are found associated with one another. Each organism has specific requirements that must be met in the community or it will not survive. Over long time periods, it is possible to see trends in the way the structure of a community changes and to recognize that climate greatly influences the kind of community that become established in an area. This series of changes result in a relatively long-lasting, stable combination of species that is self-perpetuating. The concept that communities proceed through a series of recognizable, predictable changes in structure over time is called succession. 
Primary succession differ from the secondary succession is that
- Primary succession is a succession progression that begins with a total lack of organism and bare mineral surfaces or water. It’s often takes long time, since there is no soil and few rapidly available nutrients for plants to use for growth.
- Secondary succession is much more commonly observed and generally proceeds more rapidly, because it begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem.

2. How does a climax community differ from a successional community?
The relatively stable, long-lasting community that is result in the succession is called the climax community. The relatively stages is reached calls the climax community. The stages that lead to the climax are called successional stages.
3. List three characteristics typical of each of the following biomes: tropical rainforest, dessert, tundra, taiga, savanna, Mediterranean shrub lands, tropical dry forest, grassland, and temperate deciduous forest.
Tropical rainforest: 
- Temperature is usually warm and relatively constant
- No frost and it rains nearly everyday
- Plants grow rapidly, and many of the trees have extensive root networks.

Dessert:
- Lack of water
- High evaporation rate
- Windy

Tundra:
- Lack of trees
- has permanently frozen surface soil
- The plants there are short, less than 20 centimeters.

Taiga:
- Short cool summer and long winter with abundant snowfall
- The trees are having needle-shape leaves
- Few animals

Savanna:
- Prolonged drought
- The predominant plants are grasses
- The animal that live there are grazers

Mediterranean Shrubland:
- Wet, cool winters and hot, dry summer
- Near the ocean
- The vegetation is dominated by woody shrubs

Tropical dry forest:
- Monsoon climate
- Plants can enduring the drought
- The trees drop their leaves during the dry period

Grassland
- Windy with hot summer and cold-to-mild winter
- Grass make 60 to 90 percent of vegetation
- Many grazer animals

Temperate deciduous forest
- Winter-summer change of seasons
- Have trees that lose their leaves during the winter and replace the following spring
- Home to great variety of insects

4. What two primary factors determine the kind of terrestrial biome that will develop in an area?
The two primary factors that determine the kind of terrestrial biomes that will develop in an area are temperature and precipitation.
5. How does height above sea level affect the kind of biome present?
Biomes are terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution. The distribution of terrestrial ecosystem is primarily related to precipitation and temperature. The temperature is warmest near the equator, and become colder toward the poles. Similarly, as the height above sea level increases, the average temperature decreases. This means that even at the equator, it is possible to have cold temperatures on the peak of tall mountains.
6. What areas of the ocean are the most productive?
The area of the oceans that are most productive is the upper layer of the ocean known as euphotic zone.
7. How does the nature of the substrate affect the kind of the organisms found at the shore?
The kind of the substrate determines the kinds of organisms that live near the shore. For example, rocks provide area for the attachment, that sand do not, since sand is constantly moving. Mud usually has little oxygen for the construction of new living organisms. In water, these are often in short supply.
8. What is the role of each of the following organism in a marine ecosystem: phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, coral animals, and fish?
Phytoplankton: is the planktonic organism that carries on photosynthesis.
Zooplankton: It feeds on the large population of phytoplankton.
Algae: provide both themselves and the coral animals with the nutrient for growth
Coral animals:  eat zooplanktons and algae as primary food source
Fish eat the zooplankton and it is eaten by large fish such as shark, salmon, or tuna.

9. List three differences between freshwater and marine ecosystems.
The nature of the bottom substrate
The water temperature
The amount of dissolved salt

10. What is an estuary? Why are estuaries important?
An estuary is a special category of aquatic ecosystem that consists of shallow, partially enclosed areas where freshwater enters the ocean. Because the estuary is shallow that allows the sunlight to penetrate to most of the water in the basin. And the photosynthesis activity support many kinds of organisms in the estuary. Also, estuary is a nursery sites for fish and crustaceans such as flounder and shrimp. The adult enter these productive sheltered areas to reproduce and then return to the ocean.

Environmental Science Chapter 6: Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities

Environmental Science Chapter 5: Interactions: Environments and Organisms
Questions
1. Define environment.
2. Describe, in detail, the niche of human.
3. How is natural selection related to the concept of niche?
4. List five predators and their prey organism.
5. How is ecosystem different for a community?
6. Humans raising cattle for food is what kind of relationship?
7. Give examples of organisms that are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
8. What are some different trophic levels in an ecosystem?
9. Describe the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
10. Analyze an aquarium as an ecosystem. Identify the major abiotic and biotic factors. List members of the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and decomposer trophic levels.
Answer
1. Define environment.
The environment of an organism can be divided into living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic).
- Living (biotic factors) of an organism’s environment include all forms of life with which it interacts.
- Nonliving (abiotic factors): energy, nonliving matter, and processes that involve the interactions of nonliving matter and energy.
2. Describe, in detail, the niche of human.
Humans are the dominant organisms on Earth. Our niche is very broad and we interact in many ways with the organisms with which we share the planet. We can see that we have complicated interactions with other organism, and these interactions can be places into the same categories we use to describe relationships between nonhuman organisms. Human is a predator as we use animals as food. Humans are also relying on many kinds of plants as their primary source of food. Also many times, humans are raising the animals, feed the animals by using other sources found in nature such as plants or other animals as food to feed their live stocks. And humans are also plant the trees, or do farming. It is the concept that humans raise the animals or plants as a primary food source.
3. How is natural selection related to the concept of niche?
Since the most the structural, physiological, and behavioral characteristics organisms display are determined by the genes they possess. As in the niche of an organism is the functional role it has in its surrounding. In the niche concept of the organisms is how it modifies its physical surrounding and how it is affect to the organism. So that is what it says in the natural selection. The species have to produce their next generation by passing the genes. And that genes which pass to the next generation has something to do with the niche of the organism which it has to adapt and to knows its surrounding and its profession.
4. List five predators and their prey organism.
Lions eat zebra
Wolves eat moose
Toads eat flies
Pelicans eat fish
Snakes eat mouse

5. How is ecosystem different for a community?
Two concepts that focus on relationships that involve many different kinds of interactions are community and ecosystem. A community is assemblage of all the interacting populations of different species of organisms in an area. Some species play minor roles, while others play major roles, but all are part of the community. Community consists of interacting populations of different species, but these species interact with their physical world as well. Ecosystem is defined space in which interactions take place between a community, with its entire complex interrelationship, and the physical environment. Many communities create an ecosystem of the Earth.

6. Humans raising cattle for food is what kind of relationship?
A human is raising cattle for food is a Mutualism relationship.
7. Give examples of organisms that are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Primary consumers also known as herbivores are animals that eat producers as a source of food such as leaf-eating insects, and seed-eating birds.
Secondary consumers known as carnivores are animals that eat other animals such as eagles primarily eat fish, or lions primarily eat zebras.
Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and other animals in their diet, such as bears, foxes, chickens. Etc.

8. What are some different trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem is known as a tropic level. Producers (plants, algae, and phytoplankton) constitute the first trophic level.
Herbivores constitute the second tropic level.
Carnivores that eat herbivores constitute the third trophic level.
Carnivores that eat other carnivores are the fourth trophic level.
9. Describe the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
Carbon Cycle: The carbon cycle includes the processes and pathways involved in capturing inorganic carbon-containing molecules, converting them into organic molecules that are used by organisms, and the ultimate release of inorganic carbon molecules back to the abiotic environment.
Nitrogen Cycle: involves the cycling of nitrogen atoms between the abiotic and biotic components and among the organisms in an ecosystem. Seventy-eight percent of the gas in the air we breathe is made up of molecules of nitrogen gas. However, the two nitrogen atoms are bound very tightly to each other, and very few organisms are able to use nitrogen in the form.
Phosphorus Cycle: is different from the carbon and nitrogen cycles in one important respect. The ultimate source of phosphorus atoms is rock and release in nature by the erosion of rock and become dissolved in water. Plants use the dissolved phosphorus compounds to construct the molecules they need. Animal obtain the phosphorus they need when they consume plants or other animals. When the organism dies or excretes waste products, decomposer organisms recycle the phosphorus compound back into the soil.

10. Analyze an aquarium as an ecosystem. Identify the major abiotic and biotic factors. List members of the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and decomposer trophic levels.
Abiotic factors (nonliving) can be organized into several categories: energy, nonliving, matter, and process that involve the interactions on nonliving and energy.
Biotic factors (living) of an organism’s environment include all forms of life and with which it interact.
- Producer: grass, algae, phytoplankton
- Primary consumer: grasshopper, larva, zooplankton
- Secondary consumer: rat, fish
- Decomposer: fungi, bacteria, insects, worms


Environmental Science Chapter 5: Interactions: Environments and Organisms


Women’s Studies
Chapter 3: Intersectionality and difference
Race, Class, and Gender
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Contest  Over Difference
III. Race and the Birth of  Intersectionality
IV. Ethnicity and  Intersectionality
V. Conclusion
I. Introduction
What is Intersectionality?
Intersectionality is the idea that multiple identities intersect to create a whole that is different from the component identities. These identities that can intersect include gender, race, social class, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, religion, age, mental disability, physical disability, mental illness, and physical illness as well as other forms of identity
Women’s studies began with other unifying themes
Women share the same life stories of oppression
They simply lacked the rich individuality and wide-ranging capacities of men.
Women’s movement, it is now seen merely reverse the evaluation, making it positive.
What is the idea of “Difference”?
“Some differnces are playful; some are poles of world historical system of dominationFeminist theorist, Donna Haraway
Difference is the key to building coalitions across various interest groups.
II. Contests Over Difference
Difference means a point or way in which people or things are not the same.
In 1974 to 1980, the Combahee River Collective pointed the different of sexuality.
The problem by those of different sexualities, races, and the ethnic groups may be said to be superficial in comparison with the oppression of women generally. 
II. CONTESTS OVER DIFFERENCE (Continued)
 Contests over difference between men and women in United and Western
 African had fewer rights in the new world that one advocated and one not advocated
 In the West women wanted to be judge when men against to local tradition
 The concepts of differences allowed women studies to examine issue of race, class, and gender from an integrated set of perspectives and thus fostered interdisciplinarity’s progress.
III. Race and the Birth of Intersectionality
Race is powerful in politics, economy, and society
In our modern age, geniticnists find only the tiniest difference so-called race.
o Skin color is indicating “race” and inescapable diffrence.
III. Race and the Birth of Intersectionality (Continued)
The awareness of race has become enriched with the use of “Critical theory”
Intersectionality is an idea initially devised by Kimberlé Crenshaw, a professor of law in the U.S. she explain how the intersectionality was born:
Different race conflict
Racial harm and gender harm
When the law does not recognize the interaction of exclusionary positions and identities, it is called Intersectionality.
Intersectionality is at work in everyday life. 
A recognision of intersectioality allows for the crafting unique solutions to the variety of intersecting condition.
IV. Ethnicity and Intersectionality
Ethnic: referring to the origin, classification, characteristics, etc., of such groups.


- Many Africans maintain that ethnicity is far more powerful maker among African people.
- In European Balkhans, a mixture among people is difficult to tell on ethnic group from another.
- Ethnic cleansing is the distinct of one racial group.
IV. Ethnicity and Intersectionality (Continued)
The Botswana-born feminist author Bessie Head wrote movingly about ethnicity, race, and gender in her novel Maru (1971)
This novel intersectionality is at work as a mixture of race, ethnicity, and gender determines the outcome of the story and the fate of its characters.
Raping is consider as a “Normal” condition in women’s lives in the Western hemisphere.
Intersectionality has added to the understanding of such atrocities of the ethnicity.
V. Conclusion
Contest over difference
- Different point of views of women’s life
- needs challenged the mainstream scientific principle that there were universal laws and truths.
Race, birth of  Intersectionality
- Different race conflict
- Racial harm and gender harm
Ethnicity
- Mixture of people from different ethnic groups
- Ethnic cleansing

Women’s Studies: Intersectionality and difference: Race, Class, and Gender


បារាយណ៍​ខាងលិច មិន​ត្រឹមតែ​ជា​អាងទឹក​ធំជាងគេ លើ​ពិភពលោក ប៉ុណ្ណោះ​ទេ តែ​គឺជា​បុរាណ​ដ្ឋា​ន ផ្នែក​ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ ដ៏​សំខាន់​ និងជារមណីយដ្ឋានធម្មជាតិយ៉ាងស្រស់ស្អាតផងដែរ។

​អាជ្ញាធរ​អប្សរា បានប្រកាសថា បារាយណ៍​ខាងលិច ដែល​អ្នកស្រុក​ស្គាល់​ជាទូទៅ​ថា បារាយណ៍ទឹកថ្លា នោះ មិន​ត្រឹមតែ​ជា​អាង​ស្តុក​ទឹក ដ៏​ធំជាងគេ លើ​ពិភពលោក​ប៉ុណ្ណោះ​ទេ តែ​វា​ជា​បុរាណ​ដ្ឋា​ន ផ្នែក​ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ​ដ៏​សំខាន់ ដែលមាន​ទំនាក់ទំនង ជាមួយ​សំណង់​ប្រាសាទ និង​ជីវភាព​រស់នៅ របស់​ប្រជាជន​សម័យ បុរាណ​ផងដែរ​។

បារាយណ៍​ទឹកថ្លា ឬ បារាយណ៍​ខាងលិច​ចាប់ផ្តើម​កសាង​ឡើង​នៅ​សតវត្ស​ទី ១១ (១០០២ ដល់ ១០៦៦) ក្នុង​រជ្ជកាល​ព្រះបាទ​សូរ្យ​វរ្ម័នទី ១ (១០០២ ដល់ ១០៥០) ហើយ​បាន​បញ្ចប់​ជា​ស្ថាពរ​នៅក្នុង​រជ្ជកាល​បន្ទាប់ គឺ​រជ្ជកាល​ព្រះបាទ​ឧទ័យា​ទិត្យ​វរ្ម័នទី ២ ដែល​ត្រូវជា​ព្រះរាជបុត្រ​ព្រះអង្គ (១០៥០ ដល់ ១០៦៦) ។ បារាយណ៍​នេះ​មាន​បណ្តោយ​ប្រវែង ៨ គីឡូម៉ែត្រ និង​ទទឹង ២.២ គីឡូម៉ែត្រ ហើយ​ផ្គត់ផ្គង់​ទឹក​តាមរយៈ​ស្ទឹង​ពីរ គឺ​ស្ទឹង​សៀមរាប និង​ស្ទឹង​ពួក (​ភ្ជាប់​ដោយ​អូរ​ខ្លូត​) ។ គេ​អាច​ដឹង​បាន​ថា ផ្នែក​ខាង​លិច​មុន​ការសាងសង់​បារាយណ៍ គឺជា​កន្លែង​ទីក្រុង​ចាស់​មួយ ដែល​អ្នក​ស្រាវជ្រាវ​ហៅថា "​បន្ទាយ​ឈើ​” ដោយ​យក​ឈ្មោះ​ភូមិ​មួយ​នៅ​ខាងត្បូង​ជិត​នោះ​មក​សន្មត ។ បុរី​បន្ទាយ​ឈើ​ដើមឡើយ​មាន​គូ​ទឹក​មួយ​ធំ​បង្គួរ​ព័ទ្ធជុំវិញ ។ បី ឬ បួន​សតវត្ស​ក្រោយមក​ផ្នែក​ខាងជើង​នៃ​បុរី​នោះ ក៏​ត្រូវ​បារាយណ៍​ទឹក​ថា្លដែល​គេ​កសាង​ឡើង​នៅ​សតវត្ស​ទី ១១ មក​លុប​បាត់ ។ មាន​សំណល់​ប្រាសាទ​ជា​ច្រើន​ខ្លះ​នៅ​ឈរ​នៅឡើយ​ខ្លះ​នៅសល់​តែ​គ្រឹះ ឬ ខឿន​ហើយ​សាងសង់​យ៉ាងហោចណាស់​ក៏​នៅ​សតវត្ស​ទី ៨ ដែរ ។ ប្រាសាទ​ទាំងនោះ​មានដូចជា​ប្រាសាទអកយំ ប្រាសាទភ្នំ​រុង និង​ប្រាសាទ​វត្ត​ទួល​ខ្ពស់​ជាដើម ។ តាមរយៈ​ការធ្វើ​កំណាយ​ស្រាវជ្រាវ​ដែល​រួម​សហការ​រវាង​សាលា​បារាំង​ចុង​បូព៌ា និង​អាជ្ញាធរ​អប្សរា​គេ​អាច​ដឹង​បាន​ទៀតថា នៅ​ផ្នែក​ខាងលិច​នៃ​បារាយណ៍​មាន​មនុស្ស​មក​រស់នៅ​យូរ​មក​ហើយ ពោល​គឺ​មុន​ការកសាង​រាជធានី​ខាងលើ​ទៅ​ទៀត ។ នៅក្នុង​ឆ្នាំ ២០០០ គេ​បាន​រកឃើញ​ផ្នូរ​បុរាណ​ដែល​ស្ថិតនៅ​ជិត​ប្រាសាទ​ក្មេង​ហើយ​ផ្នូរ​ទាំងនោះ​មាន​អាយុកាល​ក្នុង​យុគសម័យ​ដែក (​យុគ​លោហៈ​) ដែល​បន្ត​រហូត​មក ។ កាលពី​ពាក់កណ្តាល​ឆ្នាំ ២០០៥ មុននេះ គេ​រកឃើញ​ផ្នូរ​បុរាណ​មួយ​ទៀត​ស្ថិត​នៅ​ចំ​កណ្តាល​បារាយណ៍ ។ ផ្នូរ​បុរាណ​នេះ​មាន​អាយុកាល​ស្ថិតនៅ ក្នុង​យុគសម័យ​សំរិទ្ធ​ពោល គឺ​ប្រហែល ១០០០ ឆ្នាំមុន​គ្រឹស្តសករាជ ។​


បារាយណ៍ក៏បានក្លាយជាប្រភពស្រោចស្រពសម្រាប់វិស័យកសិកម្មនៅក្នុងតំបន់ សម្រាប់ប្រជាណលរដ្ឋធ្វើស្រែចម្ការបានយ៉ាងងាយស្រួល។ ហើយក៏មានប្រជាជនខ្លះក៏បានធ្វើស្រែនៅក្នុងបរិវេណបារាយណ៍ និងនេសាទផងដែរ។

បច្ចុប្បន្ន បារាយណ៍ទឹកថ្លាបានក្លាយជារមណីយ៍ដ្ឋានធម្មជាតិមួយដែលមានចម្ងាយប្រមាណ៨គីឡូមែត្រពីទីរួមខេត្តសៀមរាប។

បារាយណ៍ទឹកថ្លាមានប្រជាប្រិយភាពខ្លាំងសម្រាប់ភ្ញៀវជាតិ និងអន្តរជាតិ ជាពិសេសនៅរដូវទឹកឡើង​ គឺក្នុងកំឡុងខែតុលា។ នៅតាមបណ្ដោយមាតិទឹក គឺមានខ្ចុះតូចៗតម្រៀបគ្នាជាជួរសម្រាប់បម្រើដល់ការសម្រាកលំហែកាយ និងការញ៉ាំអាហារ ជួបជុំមិត្តភក្តិ ក្រុមគ្រួសារយ៉ាងសប្បាយរីករាយ។​​

 លោកអ្នកអាចហែលទឹកលេងកម្សាន្ត បន្ទាប់ពីសម្រាកញ៉ាំអាហារថ្ងៃត្រង់។

លោកអ្នកក៏អាចជិះកាណូតកម្សាន្តទៅកាន់កោះមេបុណ្យដែលស្ថិតនៅចំកណ្ដាលបារាយណ៍ ដែលមើលពីចម្ងាយហាក់បីដូចជាអណ្ដែតនៅលើផ្ទៃទឹក។

រមណីយ៍ដ្ឋានបារាយណ៍ក៏មានភាពអ៊ូរអរខ្លាំងនៅពេលទឹកឡើង ហើយក៏ជាពេលវេលាដ៏សប្បាយមួយសម្រាប់ការទៅកម្សាន្ត។

បារាយទឹកថ្លា​ (West Baray)

ផ្លូវ៦០ ក្រុងសៀមរាប

ផ្លូវ៦០​កំពុងទទួលបានការពេញនិយមពីសំណាក់បងប្អូនខេត្តសៀមរាប

ខេត្តសៀមរាបហាក់បីដូចជាតូចក៏ប៉ុន្តែសម្បូរទៅដោយកន្លែងគួរឲ្យចាប់អារម្មណ៍ជាច្រើន។ កន្លែងមួយដែលមានការពេញនិយមខ្លាំងពីសំណាក់បងប្អូនដែលរស់នៅខេត្តសៀមរាប គឺផ្លូវ៦០។


ផ្លូវ៦០ គឺជាកន្លែងមួយសម្រាប់ការចំណាយពេលជាមួយក្រុមគ្រួសារ មិត្តភក្តិ និងគូស្នេហ៍ជាដើម នាពេលល្ងាចដ៏ត្រជាក់ ហើយញ៉ាំអាហារពេលល្ងាចជុំគ្នាយ៉ាងមានសេចក្ដីសុខ។
 
វាមានចម្ងាយមិនឆ្ងាយពីទីរួមខេត្តប៉ុន្មានទេ។ នៅទីនោះ លោកអ្នកប្រហែលជាប្លែកមាត់ជាមួយនឹងអាហារដ៏ល្បីប្រចាំតំបន់ គឺ សង្វាក់ ដែលមាននំបញ្ចុក ណែមអាំង (សាច់ត្រី) ទ្រនាប់ជាមួយបន្លែ (ល្បោយៈ ភាសាតំបន់) ហើយជ្រលក់ជាមួយទឹកត្រីជូរអែមយ៉ាងឆ្ងាញ់ពិសារ។

ក្រៅពីនេះក៏មានម្ហូបអាហារផ្សេងៗទៀតយ៉ាងច្រើនសម្បូរបែប។ អ្វីដែលពិសេសនោះគឺ លោកអ្នកក៏អាចដើរទិញឥវ៉ាន់ ដូចជាសម្លៀកបំពាក់គ្រឿងប្រើប្រាស់ផ្សេងៗដែលមានតម្លៃធូរថ្លៃ។

ម្យ៉ាងវិញទៀត នៅផ្លូវ ៦០ ក៏មានកន្លែងកម្សាន្តសម្រាប់ក្មេងៗ និងមនុស្សធំផងដែរ ដូចជា សេះហោះ កន្ត្រកហោះ កន្លែងលោតប៉ុង រទេះភ្លើងសម្រាប់កូនក្មេង។ល។
 
 ខ្ញុំក៏សង្ឃឹមថា លោកអ្នកអាចមានចិត្តចង់ទៅលេងកន្លែងមួយនេះ បន្ទាប់ពីអានអត្ថបទនេះហើយ។ ដូចពាក្យចាស់លោកពោលថា ឮ១០០០ដង មិនបានស្មើឃើញ១ដង។

ផ្លូវ៦០ (60 Road)

ភ្នំក្រោមខេត្តសៀមរាបប្រាសាទ​ភ្នំក្រោម​ជា​រមណីយដ្ឋាន​វប្បធម៌​ ប្រវត្ដិសាស្ដ្រ​

ប្រាសាទ​ភ្នំក្រោម​ជា​រមណីយដ្ឋាន​វប្បធម៌​ ប្រវត្ដិសាស្ដ្រមួយដែល​មាន​ទីតាំង​ ស្ថិត​នៅ​លើ​កំពូលភ្នំ​មាន​រយៈកម្ពស់១៤០​ ម៉ែត្រ​ ​នៅ​ទិសនិរតី​មាន​ចម្ងាយ​១២​គីឡូម៉ែត្រ​ពី​ទីក្រុង​សៀមរាប​ ​ដោយ​ធ្វើ​ដំណើរ​តាម​ផ្លូវ​ស្រប​នឹង​ដងស្ទឹង​សៀមរាប​ពី​ជើង​ទៅ​ត្បូង​ ​ហើយ​ស្ថិត​នៅ​ខាងជើង​បឹង​ទន្លេសាប ។បើ​តាម​ឯកសារ​ស្រាវជ្រាវ​ផ្នែក​បុរាណវិទ្យា​របស់​អាជ្ញាធរ​អប្សរាបានបញ្ចាក់ថា៖
ប្រាសាទ​ភ្នំក្រោម​ត្រូវ​បាន​កសាង​ឡើង​បែរ​មុខ​ទៅ​ទិស​ខាងកើត នា​ចុង​សតវត្ស​ទី​៩​ ​និង​ដើម​សតវត្ស​ទី​១០​ ​រចនាបថ​បាខែង​ក្នុង​រាជ្យ​ព្រះបាទ​យសោវរ្ម័ន​ទី​១​ ​(ឆ្នាំ​៨៨៩​-៩១០) ដើម្បី​ឧទ្ទិស​ដល់​ព្រះព្រហ្ម​ ​ព្រះ​នរាយណ៍​ និង​ព្រះ​ឥសូរ ។ ប្រាសាទ​ភ្នំក្រោម​ស្ថិត​នៅ​ក្នុង​កំពែង​រាង​បួន​ជ្រុង​ស្មើ​ មួយ​ជ្រុង​ប្រវែង​៥០​ម៉ែត្រ​ ​និង​មាន​តួ​ប៉ម​បី​​ជា​ជួរ​ចំ​អ័ក្ស​ខាងជើង​ និង​ខាងត្បូង​នៅ​លើ​ខឿន​ដែល​មាន​កម្ពស់​១​ម៉ែត្រ​២​តឹក និង​មាន​ប្រាសាទ​ចំនួន​៤​ទៀត​នៅ​ខាង​កើត ហើយ​បែរ​មុខ​ទៅ​រក​ប្រាសាទ​ចម្បង​ទាំង​បី ។​

បច្ចុប្បន្ន​បើ​ពិនិត្យ​សង្កេត​ទៅ​លើ​ស្ថានភាព​ ជាក់ស្ដែង​ ប្រាសាទ​ភ្នំក្រោម​នេះ​មាន​សភាព​ទ្រុឌទ្រោម​យ៉ាង​ខ្លាំង ។ បើ​ពិនិត្យ​ទៅ​លើ​គុណភាព​ថ្មភក់​​មាន​សភាព​ពុក​ផុយ​ដែល​ជា​កត្ដា​នាំ​ឱ្យ​តួ ​ប្រាសាទ​ទាំងមូល​ប្រេះស្រាំ​ស្ទើរតែ​នៅ​គ្រប់​ផ្ទាំង​ស្រទាប់​ថ្ម​ដែល​ជា​ ហេតុ​នាំ​ឱ្យ​រលេះ​បាក់​នូវ​ក្បាច់​រចនា​របស់​ប្រាសាទ ។ ទន្ទឹម​នឹង​នោះ​ដែរ​ក៏​មាន​សំណង់​សម័យ​ថ្មី​ជា​ច្រើន​នៅ​ជុំវិញ​ប្រាសាទ​ ផ្នែក​ខាងកើត ។ សំណង់​ទាំងនេះ​មាន​កុដិ​ព្រះសង្ឃ​ ខ្ទម​សំណាក់​ធម៌​របស់​យាយជី​ ​តាជី​ ​សាលាឆាន់​ ព្រះ​វិហារ​ ​និង​ស្លាកស្នាម​សំណង់​បាក់បែក​មួយ​ចំនួន​ទៀត​អំពី​ស៊ីម៉ង់ត៍​ប្រហែលជា​ សាងសង់​តាំងពី​សម័យ​បារាំង ។


បើយើងឈរនៅលើកំពូលភ្នំ យើងអាចមើលឃើញពីទេសភាពបឹងទន្លេសាប នឹងតំបន់សហគមន៍ដែលនៅក្បែរ ដូចជាចុងឃ្នាសជាដើម។ ប្រសិនបើលោកអ្នកមានបំណងចង់លំហែកាយស្រូបយកខ្យល់អាកាសបរិសុទ្ធនិងគយគន់ទេសភាពបឹងទន្លេសាប ភ្នំក្រោមអាចជាកន្លែងមួយដែលសក្តិសមសម្រាប់លោកអ្នក។​
ម្យ៉ាងវិញទៀតរមណីយដ្ឋានភ្នំក្រោមក៏ជាកន្លែងមួយដ៏ល្អសម្រាប់មើលទេសភាពថ្ងៃលិចផងដែរ មិនចាញ់នៅបាខែងឡើយ។​


អ្វីដែលពិសេសជាងនេះទៀតនោះគឺនៅតាមបណ្ដោយផ្លូវទៅភ្នំក្រោមយើងនឹងឃើញកន្លែងទស្សនាបែបលក្ខណៈតូច គឺ បឹងឈូក។គឺលោកអ្នកអាចថតរូប selfie តាមចំណូលចិត្តបាន។ ហើយតម្លៃសំបុត្រគឺសម្យរម​សម្រាប់ការចូលទស្សនាបឹងឈូក ផងដែរ។


ហើយលោកអ្នកក៏អាចសប្បាយរីករាយនូវក្នុងការស្ទូចត្រីលេងកម្សា
ន្តតាមរមណីយដ្ឋានតូចៗតាមជើងភ្នំនៃភ្នំក្រោម ដោយជួលសន្ទូចនឹងទិញនុយដែលមានលក់ស្រាប់នៅទីនោះផងដែរដោយឡែកអ្នកក៏អាចសម្រាកលំហែកាយ ជាមួយនឹងជំនោរទន្លេតាមខ្ចុះតូចៗតាមមាត់ទឹកផងដែរសម្រាប់អាហារដែលលក់នៅក្នុងរមណីយដ្ឋាន គឺមានតម្លៃអាចទទួលយកបាន ដោយអាហារភាគច្រើនគឺជាត្រី។ លោកអ្នកអាចគិតឡើងវិញពីការដើរកម្សាន្តបន្ទាប់។ ហើយខ្ញុំសូមនិយាយថា ភ្នំក្រោមគឺជាគោលដៅបន្ទាប់របស់លោកអ្នកហើយ។

ភ្នំក្រោមខេត្តសៀមរាប Phnom Krom

Feature

បារាយទឹកថ្លា​ (West Baray)

បារាយណ៍​ខាងលិច មិន​ត្រឹមតែ​ជា​អាងទឹក​ធំជាងគេ លើ​ពិភពលោក ប៉ុណ្ណោះ​ទេ តែ​គឺជា​បុរាណ​ដ្ឋា​ន ផ្នែក​ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ ដ៏​សំខាន់​ និងជារមណីយដ្ឋ...